CREATOR Curtis, Edward S., 1868-1952.

SUMMARY Description by Edward S. Curtis: Medicine-pipes, of which the Piegan have many, are simply long pipe-stems variously decorated with beads, paint, feathers, and fur. Each one is believed to have been obtained long ago in some supernatural manner, as recounted in a myth. The medicine-pipe is ordinarily concealed in a bundle of wrappings, which are removed only when the sacred object is to be employed in healing sickness, or when it is to be transferred from one custodian to another in exchange for property. Such exchanges, occurring at intervals of a few years in the history of each pipe, are attended by much ceremony

Inca

Inca: From Minnesota State University's E-Museum

"Between 1200 and 1535 AD, the Inca population lived in the part of South America extending from the Equator to the Pacific coast of Chile."

Incan Monuments: Choose from the links in the left navigation window to see the monuments in the right frame.

Incan Architecture

Aztec

Aztec Empire: From Minnesota State University's E-Museum

"During the same period as the Inca Empire, the Aztec Empire dominated Mesoamerica from Mexico and Guatemala to the territories of Salvador and Honduras for nearly 100 years."

The Aztec Calendar: Aztec Calendar Graphic and explanation.

"Historically, the Aztec name for the huge basaltic monolith is Cuauhxicalli (Eagle Bowl), but it is universally known as the Aztec Calendar or Sun Stone. It was during the reign of the 6th Aztec monarch in 1479 that this stone was carved and dedicated to the principal Aztec deity: the sun"

The Aztec/Mexicas: This webpage has many links on Aztec Creation Story, Aztec Culture and More.

"The Aztecs/Mexicas were the native American people who dominated northern México at the time of the Spanish conquest led by Hernan CORTES in the early 16th century. According to their own legends, they originated from a place called Aztlan, somewhere in north or northwest Mexico."

Ojibwa

Ojibwa History: Scroll down this page to find sections on Location, History and Culture

"In a tradition shared with the Ottawa and Potawatomi, the Ojibwe remember a time when they lived near an ocean. This may have been the Atlantic near the gulf of the St. Lawrence, but more likely it was Hudson Bay. Sometime around 1400, the North America climate became colder, and the first Ojibwe, Ottawa and Potawatomi bands started to arrive on the east side of Lake Huron."

Ojibwa: sourced from The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001. A brief introduction and overview.

An Introduction to Ojibway Culture and History: Great Page with many links.

Sioux

A Guide to the Great Sioux Nation: Introduction and further links and resources.

Sioux: From Minnesota State University's E-Museum

Sioux Heritage| Reservation Heritage?: the authors comments and feelings-

" People wake up! Reservations do NOT represent American Indian culture! Never have and never will. Reservations were and still are, forced upon us....."

History of the Sioux:

"The name "Sioux" is a French rendering of the Ojibwa word nadewisou, meaning "treacherous snakes." The name was never meant to be a compliment since the French were at war with us at the time. Only recently have our people started using the name Sioux as an identity. Before we had always referred to ourselves as "An Alliance of Friends."

Inuit

Inuit Culture: "An age-old hunting and trapping lifestyle has created a culture among Inuit that is largely shared throughout the central and eastern Arctic, although regional differences sometimes exist. Here, three Inuit writers who hail from different corners of Nunavut describe their culture."

The Inuit: "Inuit living along the northern coast of Labrador are the direct descendants of a prehistoric hunting society that spread across Canada from Alaska and centered on capturing massive bowhead whales."

Inuit in Labrador: "The Labrador Eskimos, or Inuit¹ as they call themselves, are the direct descendants of the Thule Inuit, an Alaskan people who migrated into Canada and Greenland about 1000 years ago. Archaeologists believe that the Thule people first arrived on the Labrador coast around 1400 A.D., coming southward from Baffin Island."

Mandan

THE MANDAN: History

"The first known account of the Mandan is that of the French trader, Sieur de la La Verendrye, in the fall of 1738. McKenzie visited the Mandan in 1772."

The Mandans: "The Mandans have the tradition of having come from the east, up the Missouri River and into North Dakota and probably along with the Hidatsa brought farming with them."

The Mandans: A brief ethnology by James Hutchison April 29, 1997

Iroquois

Iroquois History: Long, scrolling page but great information on location, history, culture, population, ect.

The Iroquois Constitution: Many people believe that the Iroquois Constitution greatly influenced the United States Constitution.

Iroquois Oral Traditions

Ancestry in the Land

Seminole

Brief Summary of Seminole History

Seminole History

Seminole Culture

SEMINOLES, A PEOPLE WHO NEVER SURRENDERED